Activated Titanium Anodes ,



Diesel generator set

The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary devices such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters, starting systems etc, is referred to as a generating set or a gen set for short.

While the larger industrial generators can range from 8kVA – 30kVA for homes, small shops & offices up to 2000kVA used for large office complexes, factories. A 2000 kVA set can be housed in a 40ft ISO container and be fully packaged and portable. Sizes up to about 5 MW are used for small power stations and these may use from one to 20 units. In these larger sizes the engine and generator are brought to site separately and assembled along with ancillary equipment

Diesel generators, sometimes as small as 250 kVa are widely used not only for emergency power, but also many have a secondary function of feeding power to utility grids either during peak periods, or periods when there is a shortage of large power generators.

Diesel generator on an oil tanke , aluminum rod .

Ships often also employ diesel generators, sometimes not only to provide auxiliary power for lights, fans, and winches, etc. but also for main propulsion. With electric propulsion the generators can be placed in a convenient position, to allow more cargo to be carried. Electric drives for ships were developed prior to WW I. Electric drives were specified in many warships built during WW II because manufacturing capacity for large reduction gears was in short supply, compared to capacity for manufacture of electrical equipment. Such a diesel-electric arrangement is also used in some very large land vehicles , decorative brass .

Generating sets are selected based on the load they are intended to supply power for, taking into account the type of load, ie emergency or for continuous power, and the size of the load, and size of any motors to be started which is normally the critical parameter.

Power plants – electrical “Island” mode

One or more diesel generators operating without a connection to an electrical grid are operating in “island” mode. Several parallel generators provides the advantages of redundancy and better efficiency at part loads. An island power plant intended for primary power source of an isolated community will often have at least three diesel generators, any two of which are rated to carry the required load. Groups of up to 20 are not uncommon.

Generators can be electrically connected together through the process of synchronization. Synchronization involves matching voltage, frequency and phase before connecting the generator to a live bus-bar. Failure to synchronize before connection could cause a high current short-circuit or wear and tear on the generator and/or its switchgear. The synchronization process can be done automatically by an auto-synchronizer module. The auto-synchronizer will read the voltage, frequency and phase parameters from the generator and bus-bar voltages, while regulating the speed through the engine governor or ECU (Engine Control Module). Typical manufacturers are ComAp, GAC, Woodward and Heinzman who dominate this market

Load can be shared among parallel running generators through load sharing. Like auto-synchronization, load sharing can be automated by using a load sharing module. The load sharing module will measure the load and frequency at the generator, while it constantly adjusts the engine fuel control to shift load to and from the remaining power sources. As the prime mover of a diesel generator runs at constant speed, it will take more load when the fuel supply to its combustion system is increased, while load is released if fuel supply is decreased.

Supporting main utility grids

In addition to their well known role as power supplies during power failures, diesel generator sets also routinely support main power grids worldwide in two distinct ways:

Peak Shaving

Maximum demand tariffs in many areas encourage the use of diesels to come on at times of maximum demand.In Europe this is typically on winter weekdays around tea time (3 pm), whereas in the USA this is often in the summer to meet the air conditioning load.

Grid support

Emergency standby diesel generators such as those used in hospitals, water plant etc, are, as a secondary function, widely used in the US and the UK to support the respective national grids at times for a variety of reasons. In the UK for example, some 2 GWe of diesels are routinely used to support the National Grid, whose peak load is about 60 GW. These are sets in the size range 200kW to 2 MW. This usually occurs during say the sudden loss of a large conventional plant of say 660 MW, or a sudden unexpected rise in power demand eroding the normal spinning reserve available.

This is extremely beneficial for both parties – the diesels have already been purchased for other reasons; but to be reliable need to be fully load tested. Grid paralleling is a convenient way of doing this.

In this way the UK National Grid can call on about 2 GW of plant which is up and running in parallel as quickly as two minutes in some cases. This is far quicker than a base load power station which can take 12 hours from cold, and faster than a gas turbine, which can take several minutes. Whilst diesels are very expensive in fuel terms, they are only used a few hundred hours per year in this duty, and their availability can prevent the need for base load station running inefficiently at part load continuously. The diesel fuel used is fuel that would have been used in testing anyway. See Control of the National Grid (UK), National Grid (UK) reserve service

A similar system operates in France known as EJP, where at times of grid extremis special tariffs can mobilize at least 5,000 MW(5 GW of diesel generating sets to become available.In this case, the diesels prime function is to feed power into the grid.

Typical operating costs

Fuel consumption is the major portion of diesel plant owning and operating cost for power applications, whereas capital cost is the primary concern for backup generators. Specific consumption varies, but a modern diesel plant will consume between 0.28 and 0.4 litres of fuel per kilowatt hour at the generator terminals.

However diesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common. The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from natural gas, alcohols, gasoline, wood gas to the fuel oils from diesel oil to residual fuels.This is implemented by introducing gas with the intake air and using a small amount of diesel fuel for ignition. Conversion to 100% diesel fuel operation can be achieveved instantaneously.

Fuel cost 11p – 16p/kWh (using red diesel at 40p/litre)

lifetime engine maintenance about is 0.5p/kWh – 1.0/kWh

Typical costs of conversion to paralleling for grid operation

To be able to operate in parallel with the mains certain modifications are necessary which include the following:

Approx. 3k to fit a PLC to the set

Paralleling and synchronising gear and G59 equipment (this allows grid connection) Approx 5k

Tidying up set (noise, larger fuel tank) Approx another 5k

So for a 1MW set13/kW

50 kWmaybe 260/kW

This capital cost of 13/kW – 260/kW is low compared to combined cycle gas turbines that cost 350/kW.

Generator Sizing and Ratings

Rating

Generators must be capable of delivering the power required for the hours per year anticipated by the designer to allow reliable operation and prevent damage. Typically a given set can deliver more power for fewer hours per year, or less power continuously. That is a standby set is only expected to give its peak output for a few hours per year, whereas a continuously running set, would be expected to give a somewhat lower output, but literally continuously, and both to have reasonable maintenance and reliability.

To meet the above criteria manufactures give each set a rating based on internationally agreed definitions.

These standard rating definitions are designed to allow correct machine selection and valid comparisons between manufacturers to prevent them from misstating the performance of their machines, and to guide designers.

Generator Rating Definitions

Standby Rating based on Applicable for supplying emergency power for the duration of normal power interruption. No sustained overload capability is available for this rating. (Equivalent to Fuel Stop Power in accordance with ISO3046, AS2789, DIN6271 and BS5514). Nominally rated.

Typical application – emergency power plant in hospitals, offices, factories etc. Not connected to grid.

Prime (Unlimited Running Time) Rating based on: Applicable for supplying power in lieu of commercially purchased power. Prime power is the maximum power available at a variable load for an unlimited number of hours. A 10% overload capability is available for limited time. (Equivalent to Prime Power in accordance with ISO8528 and Overload Power in accordance with ISO3046, AS2789, DIN6271, and BS5514). This rating is not applicable to all generator set models.

Typical application – where the generator is the sole source of power for say a remote mining or construction site, fairground, festival etc.

Base Load (Continuous) Rating based on: Applicable for supplying power continuously to a constant load up to the full output rating for unlimited hours. No sustained overload capability is available for this rating. Consult authorized distributor for rating. (Equivalent to Continuous Power in accordance with…

Scrap Steel Plastic Metal Offer ,



Introduction

The effect was first described in a paper by Horace Lamb in 1883 for the case of spherical conductors, and was generalized to conductors of any shape by Oliver Heaviside in 1885. The skin effect has practical consequences in the design of radio-frequency and microwave circuits and to some extent in AC electrical power transmission and distribution systems. Also, it is of considerable importance when designing discharge tube circuits.

Main article: skin depth

The current density J in an infinitely thick plane conductor decreases exponentially with depth d from the surface, as follows:

where is a constant called the skin depth. This is defined as the depth below the surface of the conductor at which the current density decays to 1/e (about 0.37) of the current density at the surface (JS). It can be calculated as follows , pure lead .

wher , kitchen brass .

= resistivity of conductor

= angular frequency of current = 2 frequency

= absolute magnetic permeability of conductor , where 0 is the permeability of free space (4107 N/A2) and r is the relative permeability of the conductor.

The resistance of a flat slab (much thicker than ) to alternating current is exactly equal to the resistance of a plate of thickness to direct current. For long, cylindrical conductors such as wires, with diameter D large compared to , the resistance is approximately that of a hollow tube with wall thickness carrying direct current. That is, the AC resistance is approximately:

where

L = length of conductor

D = diameter of conductor

The final approximation above is accurate if D >> .

A convenient formula (attributed to F.E. Terman) for the diameter DW of a wire of circular cross-section whose resistance will increase by 10% at frequency f is:

The increase in AC resistance described above is accurate only for an isolated wire. For a wire close to other wires, e.g. in a cable or a coil, the ac resistance is also affected by proximity effect, which often causes a much more severe increase in ac resistance.

Material Effect on Skin Depth

Skin depth varies as the inverse square root of the conductivity. This means that better conductors have a reduced skin depth. The overall resistance of the better conductor is lower even though the skin depth is less. This tends to reduce the difference in high frequency resistance between metals of different conductivity.

Skin depth also varies as the inverse square root of the permeability of the conductor. In the case of iron, its conductivity is about 1/7 that of copper. Its permeability is about 10,000 times greater however. The skin depth for iron is about 1/38 that of copper or about 220 microns at 60 Hz. Iron wire is worthless as a conductor at power line frequencies. Skin effect reduces both the effective thickness of laminations in power transformers and their losses.

Iron rods work well for dc welding but it is impossible to use them at frequencies much higher than 60 Hz. At a few kilohertz, the welding rod will glow red hot from skin effect losses but will barely have enough power available to sustain an arc. Only Non-magnetic rods can be used for high frequency welding.

Effect on impedance of round wires

skin effect in round wire

For isolated round wires with radius R on the order of or smaller than d, the assumption of exponential decrease of J with depth is no longer valid. In this case, J must be found by solving

If we transform variables from r to j 1 / 2r, this equation has the form of a zeroth-order Bessel equation. Using the boundary condition J(R) = JS and considering that J must be finite at r = 0 for a solid wire, the solution to this equation is

where J0(x) is the zeroth order Bessel function of the first kind, and Ber(x) and Bei(x) are Kelvin functions.

The total current in the wire may be found by integrating J(r) from 0 to R. It may more easily be found by relating it to the derivative of the electric field at the surface of the wire via its magnetic field. Ampere’s Law at the wire surface gives an azimuthal magnetic field

Maxwell’s Equations in cylindrical coordinates gives

where the electric field E points in the direction of the current. Equating these two functions at r = R gives

where the prime on the J0 in the numerator indicates a first derivative, and we have used J(r) = E(r). The impedance in the wire is given by

where R’ and L’ are the resistance and inductance per unit length of the wire. Plugging in for E(R) and I gives

where the fundamental resistance R0 and unitless scaled “radius” are given by

and

Mitigation

A type of cable called litz wire (from the German litzendraht, braided wire) is used to mitigate the skin effect for frequencies of a few kilohertz to about one megahertz. It consists of a number of insulated wire strands woven together in a carefully designed pattern, so that the overall magnetic field acts equally on all the wires and causes the total current to be distributed equally among them. This has the effect of reducing the effective permeability and increasing the skin depth.

Litz wire is often used in the windings of high-frequency transformers, to increase their efficiency by mitigating both skin effect and, more importantly, proximity effect.

Large power transformers are wound with stranded conductors of similar construction to litz wire, but of larger cross-section.

High-voltage, high-current overhead power transmission lines often use aluminum cable with a steel reinforcing core, where the higher resistivity of the steel core is largely immaterial.

In other applications, solid conductors are replaced by tubes, which have the same resistance at high frequencies but lighter weight. Very recently, researchers have been able to create extremely light cell-phone antennae using carbon-nanotubes, their performance attributed to Skin effect.

Solid or tubular conductors may also be silver-plated providing a better conductor (the best possible conductor except for superconductors) than copper on the ‘skin’ of the conductor. Silver-plating is most effective at VHF and microwave frequencies, because the very thin skin depth (conduction layer) at those frequencies means that the silver plating can economically be applied at thicknesses greater than the skin depth.

Examples

Skin depths for some metals (n.b. iron curve is disputed)

In copper, the skin depth at various frequencies is shown below.

frequency

d

60 Hz

8.47 mm

10 kHz

0.66 mm

100 kHz

0.21 mm

1 MHz

66 m

10 MHz

21 m

In Engineering Electromagnetics, Hayt points out that in a power station a bus bar for alternating current at 60 Hz with a radius larger than 1/3rd of an inch (8 mm) is a waste of copper, and in practice bus bars for heavy AC current are rarely more than 1/2 inch (12 mm) thick except for mechanical reasons. A thin film of silver deposited on glass is an excellent conductor at microwave frequencies.

See also

Proximity effect (electromagnetism)

skin depth

“The Skin Effect Myth” for Tesla coils

Surface wave

Litz wire

References

^

^ Central Electricity Generating Board (1982). Modern Power Station Practice. Pergamon Press.

^ Spinning Carbon Nanotubes Spawns New Wireless Applications

Hayt, William Hart. Engineering Electromagnetics Seventh Edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006. ISBN 0-07-310463-9.

Nahin, Paul J. Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude. New York: IEEE Press, 1988. ISBN 0-87942-238-6.

Ramo, S., J. R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer. Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965.

Terman, F. E. Radio Engineers’ Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1943. For the Terman formula mentioned above.

External links

Skin Effect in HiFi Cables

Skin Effect Relevance in Speaker Cables

Categories: Electronics termsHidden categories: Articles to be merged from March 2009 | All articles to be merged

Triphenyl Bismuth ,



Protection

Busbars are vital parts of a power system and so a fault should be cleared as fast as possible. A busbar must have its own protection, although they have high degrees of reliability. Bearing in mind the risk of unnecessary trips, the protection should be dependable, selective and should be stable for external faults, called ‘through faults’.

The most common fault is phase to ground, which usually results from human error.

There are many types of relaying principles used in busbar

A special attention should be made to current transformer selection since measuring errors need to be considered.

Galler , extruded profile .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bus Duc , zinc wire .

Bus duct penetration, awaiting firestop.

Electrical conduit and bus duct in a building at Texaco Nanticoke refinery in Nanticoke, Ontario, 1980s.

Bus duct section subsequently used in fire test of a firestop system, achieving a 2 hour fire-resistance rating.

See also

Electrical bus

References

Walter A. Elmore. Protective Relaying Theory and Applications. Marcel Dekker Inc.. ISBN 0-8247-9152-5.

External links

Paschal, John (2000-10-01). “Ensuring a Good Bus Duct Installation”. Electrical Construction & Maintenance. http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_ensuring_good_bus/. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.

Categories: Power components

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n Salvador de la Punta Fortress is a fortress in the bay of Havana, Cuba.

La Punta, just like El Morro was designed to protect the entrance to the Havana Bay that became an important and strategic entranceway to the harbor since the settlement of the town. The nonstop landings of corsairs in the area endangered the harbor and the town. That was why in 1559 it was resolved to post lookouts at La Punta.

In 1582 the king Felipe II, convinced that it was necessary to reinforce fortresses and fleets, ordered the creation of a fortress system in several places of America having its center in Havana.

To fulfill the task Juan de Tejeda was appointed governor of the island, because of his expertise in the matter of fortifications. He brought along the Italian engineer Juan Bautista Antonelli, who has been considered the most renowned professional to practice in 16th century Cuba. The works began by 1590 and went on slowly. In 1595 a hurricane severely damaged the fortress, among other reasons, due to the thinness of its walls that were then more solidly rebuilt. By 1602 there was such a delay in the construction work that the engineer decided to make the fortress into a keep holding some 10 to 12 artillery pieces. Finally, as the years went by it was taken apart, leaving just 3 bastions.

In 1630, due to the short distance between La Punta and El Morro and to increase the protection of the bay, a heavy copper chain was laid between them. This chain can be appreciated in some of the engravings of that time.

In 1762 as a consequence of the fighting during the British expedition against Cuba, the English superiority took its toll on all the fortresses. The safety curtains and bastions of La Punta castle were destroyed during the invasion. At this time a chain branching out in several directions and held by heavy wood beams was laid. Its ends were tied to guns set-in at La Punta and El Morro. Some fragments of this piece still remain.

Later on, with the Spanish were back in power, a new governor arrived, fixing and enlarging the fortification system. In the 19th century some changes, such as the 4 esplanades built to accommodate a corresponding number of artillery pieces, were added at La Punta.

The castle, in 1997, was under an intense work of restoration, (by the City Historian Office), that gave it its original position on the rocks. Thanks to this work canons that were engraved in the rocks. The park that surrounds it, paved with striking red ceramic tiles, is a memento of the San Antonio, a Spanish ship foundered in front of the castle with a heavy load. Some of the cargo was recovered from the flotsam and now gives the area just outside the building a special and highly distinctive character.

External links

Cuba porta , merbau flooring .

Forts and Castles of the Caribbean Island , birch flooring .

Coordinates: 230846.51 822127.79 / 23.1462528N 82.3577194W / 23.1462528; -82.3577194

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Landmarks and attractions in Havana

Landmarks

La Cabaa El Capitolio Castillo de la Real Fuerza Hotel Inglaterra Hotel Tryp Habana Libre Hotel Nacional de Cuba Hotel Habana Riviera Manzana de Gomez Meli Cohiba Hotel Morro Castle San Salvador de la Punta Fortress Sevilla Hotel El Templete

Religious buildings

Cathedral of Havana Iglesia de Jesus de Miramar San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary Basilica Menor de San Francisco de Asis

Museums

Coln Necrpolis Jos Mart Memorial Havana Museum of Decorative Arts Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana Museum of the Revolution

Theaters

Amadeo Roldn Theater Gaia Great Theatre of Havana Hubert de Blanck Theater Karl Marx Theater National Theater of Cuba

Attractions

Guanabo Old Havana Tarara Tropicana Club University of Havana

This Cuba-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Forts in Cuba | Buildings and structures in Havana | Visitor attractions in Havana | Cuba stubs

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Economy

Villareal’s economy has evolved since the days of cultivation and trade of oranges in the last century to the manufacturing of ceramic tiles, which today is its most important source of income.

History

Saint Jacques Tower

Founded in 1274 by King James I of Aragon (hence its name: Villareal, “King’s Town”) to reinforce the area once it had been reconquered from the Muslims, it was located strategically on the old Roman road Via Augusta, 65 km to the north of the city of Valencia, and close to the town of Borriana, at that time under Muslim rule. The original village, surrounded by defensive walls, was expanded to the outskirts in 14th century, under the protection of the King of Valencia.

During the 16th century, the farming land began to be extended and enhanced by drilling wells to obtain water and convert dry land into irrigated fields, making it possible to begin commercial agriculture in the 17th century. After its disastrous participation in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the second half of the 18th century, the first industries were established, mainly for textiles. Also during that time, the city became involved in various revolts and wars that shook Spanish State.

In the 19th century, the cultivation and trade of oranges was introduced, which gave the town great economic progress, led both by businessmen and by farmers’ associations or “cooperatives”. After the Spanish State Civil War in the second half of the 20th century, the earnings obtained from the orange trade allowed several entrepreneurs to build ceramic tile factories, as a way to diversify their productive model. This type of industry has continued to expand up to the present day, and it has become Villareal’s main economic activity.

Villarreal CF made their own piece of history in the UEFA Champions League of 2006 when they reached the semifinals of the competition. They were managed by Chilean Manuel Pellegrini and had a number of South American players in the team such as Riquelme, Forlan and Sorn , mosaic wall tile .

Sight , solid oak flooring .

The most interesting sights in the town are:

Sant Jaume Main Church (18th century)

Sant Pasqual basilica.

Plaa Major (Main Square) a square surrounded by several porticoed houses built in different periods.

The City Museum “Casa de Polo”

Chapel and park of Mare de Du de Grcia (Our Lady of Grace).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Villarreal

Vilapedia, wiki about Villareal, history, economy, tourist info, etc.

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Municipalities of Plana Baixa

An Alcudia de Veo Alfondeguilla Almenara Alqueras del Nio Perdido Artana Betx Burriana Chilches/Xilxes Eslida La Llosa Moncofa Nules Onda Ribesalbes Suera/Sueras Tales La Vall d’Uix Villarreal/Vila-real La Vilavella

Categories: Municipalities in Castell

,
^ “Helen Hunt Jackson”. Amherst Walking Tour. Astronomy Department, University of Massachusetts. http://www.astro.umass.edu/local/amherst/walking_tour/jackson.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-19.

References

“Ramona Street Architectural District”. California’s Historic Silicon Valley. National Park Service. http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/ram.htm. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.

, acoustical tile .

v d , spanish roof tile .

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property

List of entries

National Park Service National Historic Landmarks National Battlefields National Historic Sites National Historical Parks National Memorials National Monuments

This Santa Clara County, California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Historic districts in the United States | Palo Alto, California | National Register of Historic Places in the San Francisco Bay Area | Santa Clara County, California geography stubsHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service

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History
The residential homestead situated on the property was built by William Carter in 1854. The original property consisted of 493 acres (200 ha) of land which was owned by Carter and was subdivided in 1872. A 20 acres (8 ha) parcel that would later become home of the botanical garden, park and museum was purchased by Fritz Hussy and Mamie Cloyes and named Oaklawn Garden in 1918. Included in the purchase of the property was the 1854 residential home. The cultivation of daffodils was started by Mamie Cloyes in 1924.
A botanical garden, park and museum of historical items was established on the property by Harry Cloyes, son of Mamie Cloyes, and his wife Becky. The outdoor collection at Oaklawn Garden was started around 1975 with items donated by the City of Germantown, railroad companies as well as local schools, businesses and individuals. The indoor segment of the museum is situated in a separate building which was erected in 1957 as a florist shop to sell flowers grown at Oaklawn Garden. The building served its original purpose until circa 1987. Since then, the building was used to house the indoor part of the collection of historical items.
Park and museum
Historic police uniform
The botanical garden and park at Oaklawn Garden are home to a variety of flora and smaller wildlife in a park-like setting. Prominent in the flora of Oaklawn Garden are different varieties of native daffodils, azaleas and other native flowers. About 2 acres (1 ha) of the property are dedicated to the cultivation of daffodils of which more than 300 varieties are present at Oaklawn Garden in 2009. The woody plants at the botanical garden and park are represented by boxwood, oak and birch as well as other indiginous shrubs and trees. Many trees are equipped with markers to identify the species. The fauna of Oaklawn Garden includes different species of native birds and smaller wildlife, including squirrels.
Historical items from Germantown’s past are on display in the outdoor museum collection. The items of the outdoor collection are numbered and can be identified in a self-guided tour with help of the museum brochure. Outdoor exhibits include a 1942 fire truck of the Germantown Fire Department and the first Germantown jail, consisting of just one jail cell. A Southern Railway boxcar built in 1889 or 1891, a Norfolk and Western Railway 1944 caboose, historic pumps, farm equipment, traffic lights, traffic signs and historic street lights as well as displaced gravestones are also part of the outdoor display. The outdoor collection consists of nearly eighty items. The indoor exhibition is located in a building formerly used as a florist shop and showcases historical items with relavance to local history and local folk life.
In 2009, the botanical garden, park and museum at Oaklawn Garden are located on private property but open to the public. Limited parking is available and the admission to the botanical garden, park and museum is free. A museum brochure outlining the history of the property and interpreting the numbered exhibits of the outdoor and indoor collection is available at no charge.
See also
List of botanical gardens in Tennessee
List of museums in Tennessee
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oaklawn Garden
^ a b c Oaklawn Garden Historical Marker. Historical Marker on the property erected by the Germantown Historic Committee
^ a b c d e f g Oaklawn Garden – Old Relics of Germantown, Tennessee – Museum brochure and self-guided tour informatio , under cabinet shelf .
^ a b “Oaklawn Gardens – Germantown, Tennessee”. Tennessee Vacation. http://www.tnvacation.com/vendors/oaklawn_gardens/. Retrieved on 2009-05-30. , plastic shopping cart .
^ a b “Memphis Area Master Gardeners”. UT/TSU Shelby County Extension Office. http://www.memphisareamastergardeners.org/projects_10.htm. Retrieved on 2009-05-30.
^ “Welcome to the City of Germantown – History”. City of Germantown, Tennessee. http://www.germantown-tn.gov/history.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-30.
External links
Google Maps street view of the entrance of Oaklawn Garden
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City of Memphis & Memphis metropolitan area (counties in TN, MS and AR)
Memphis topics
History | Geography | Government | Economy | Education | Culture | Tourism | Sports | Transportation | Memphians
Memphis districts
Downtown | Midtown | North Memphis | South Memphis | East Memphis
Memphis
neighborhoods
Belle Meade – Berclair – Central Gardens – Chickasaw Gardens – Cooper-Young – Cordova – Douglass – Evergreen – Frayser – Harbor Town – Hickory Hill – High Point Terrace – Hollywood – Hyde Park – Lenox – Medical District – Mud Island – Normal Station – Nutbush – Orange Mound – Raleigh – Riverside – Sherwood Forest – South Main – Uptown – Victorian Village – Vollintine Hills – Whitehaven – Wolfchase
Memphis
metro area
landmarks
Tennessee: Art Museum of the University of Memphis – AutoZone Stadium – Bartlett Museum – Beale Street – Bellevue Baptist Church – Belz Museum – Botanic Garden – Brooks Museum – Burkle Estate – Central Station – Children’s Museum – Chucalissa Museum – Cotton Museum – Davies Manor – Dixon Gallery and Gardens – Downtown Trolleys – Elmwood Cemetery – FedExForum – Fire Museum – Graceland – Liberty Bowl Stadium – Libertyland – Lichterman Nature Center – Lincoln American Tower – Magevney House – Mallory-Neely House – Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park – Memorial Park Cemetery – Memphis Cotton Exchange – Memphis International Airport – Memphis Motorsports Park – Memphis National Cemetery – Memphis Zoo – Mississippi River – Mississippi River Park – Mud Island Monorail – National Civil Rights Museum – National Ornamental Metal Museum – Oaklawn Garden – Orpheum Theatre – Overton Park – Peabody Hotel – Pink Palace – The Pyramid – Rhodes College – Rock N’ Soul Museum – St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital – St. Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral – Shelby Farms – Stax Museum – Sun Studio – Tennessee Brewery – T. O. Fuller State Park – Tom Lee Park – Union Station – University of Memphis – Victorian Village – Wolf River
Mississippi: Arkabutla Lake – Bally’s Casino – Gold Strike Casino – Harrah’s Casino (formerly Grand Casino) – Holly Springs National Forest – Horseshoe Casino – Mississippi River – Resorts Casino Tunica – Sam’s Town Gambling Hall – Sheraton Casino – Tunica Resorts – Wall Doxey State Park
Arkansas: Horseshoe Lake – Mississippi River – Southland Greyhound Park – Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge
Memphis
metro area
suburbs
Tennessee: Arlington – Bartlett – Collierville – Covington – Germantown – Lakeland – Millington – Somerville
Mississippi: Hernando – Holly Springs – Horn Lake – Olive Branch – Senatobia – Southaven – Tunica – Tunica Resorts (Robinsonville)
Arkansas: Marion – West Memphis
Metro area counties
Tennessee: Shelby – Fayette – Tipton Mississippi: DeSoto – Marshall – Tate – Tunica Arkansas: Crittenden
Categories: Shelby County, Tennessee | Parks in Tennessee | Botanical gardens in Tennessee | Museums in Tennessee

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History
1849: Richard Wagner introduces the idea of immersive experiences using a darkened theatre and surrounding the audience in imagery and sound.
1938: Konrad Zuse invents the first digital computer known as the Z1.
1948: Norbert Wiener creates the science of cybernetics: transmitting messages between man and machine.
1962: Morton Heilig, a cinematographer, creates a motorcycle simulator called Sensorama with visuals, sound, vibration, and smell , wire display rack .
1966: Ivan Sutherland invents the head-mounted display suggesting it was a window into a virtual world , display hat rack .
1975: Myron Krueger creates Videoplace that allows users to interact with virtual objects for the first time.
1989: Jaron Lanier coins the phrase Virtual Reality and creates the first commercial business around virtual worlds.
1992: Tom Caudell coins the phrase Augmented Reality while at Boeing helping workers assemble cables into aircraft.
2003: GeoVector along with partners Vodafone, HP, Microsoft, Virtual Spectator and Animation Research Ltd showcase Actual Spectator AR app at America’s Cup Sailing Races in Auckland, New Zealand.
2007: Sony released the Eye of Judgment for PlayStation 3 in Japan on October 25, 2007 and in America on April 24, 2008. Wikitude AR Travel Guide launches on Oct. 20, 2008 with the G1 Android phone and was downloaded about 50,000 in the first year of release.
2009: Sony scheduled to release the EyePet game for use with the PlayStation 3 camera.
2009: AR Toolkit is ported to Adobe Flash (FLARToolkit) by Saqoosha, bringing augmented reality to the personal computer.
Notable researchers
Steven Feiner is the leading pioneer of augmented reality, and author of the first paper on the subject.
Bruce H. Thomas is the current Director of the Wearable Computer Laboratory at the University of South Australia. He is currently a NICTA fellow, CTO A-Rage Pty Ltd, Member of HxI team, and visiting Scholar with the Human Interaction Technology Laboratory, University of Washington. He is the inventor of the first outdoor augmented reality game ARQuake. His current research interests include: wearable computers, user interfaces, augmented reality, virtual reality, computer supported cooperative work (CSCW), and tabletop display interfaces.
Wayne Piekarski is the inventor of the Tinmith System.
Oliver Bimber and Ramesh Raskar are the leading researchers in the field of spatial augmented reality (SAR)
GeoVector Corporation began conducting research into augmented reality in early 1990s. GeoVector first patent in this domain, since issued as 5,815,411 , was filed September 10, 1993.
AR+RFID Lab is another company coming up with AR teleconferencing and distance learning
Main Computer Vision topics of Augmented Reality
3D reconstruction
Bundle adjustment
Exponential map
Fiduciary markers
Image registration
Structure from motion
Video tracking
Examples
Commonly known examples of AR are the yellow “first down” line seen in television broadcasts of American football games, and the colored trail showing location and direction of the puck in TV broadcasts of hockey games. The real-world elements are the football field and players, and the virtual element is the yellow line, which is drawn over the image by computers in real time. Similarly, rugby fields and cricket pitches are branded by their sponsors using Augmented Reality; giant logos are inserted onto the fields when viewed on television.
Another type of AR application uses projectors and screens to insert objects into the real environment, enhancing museum exhibitions for example. The difference to a simple TV screen for example, is that these objects are related to the environment of the screen or display, and that they often are interactive as well.
Many first-person shooter video games simulate the viewpoint of someone using AR systems. In these games the AR can be used to give visual directions to a location, mark the direction and distance of another person who is not in line of sight, give information about equipment such as remaining bullets in a gun, and display a myriad of other images based on whatever the game designers intend. This is also called the head-up display.
In some current applications like in cars or airplanes, this is usually a head-up display integrated into the windshield.
The F-35 Lightning II has no Head-up display because all targets are tracked by the aircraft’s situational awareness and the sensor fusion is presented in the pilot’s helmet mounted display system that provides an augmented reality system that allows the pilot to look through his own aircraft as if it wasn’t there.
Current applications
Advertising: Marketers may consider using AR to promote a new product via an interactive, web-based AR application.
Support with complex tasks: Complex tasks such as assembly, maintenance, and surgery can be simplified by inserting additional information into the field of view. For example, labels can be displayed on parts of a system to clarify operating instructions for a mechanic who is performing maintenance on the system. AR can include images of hidden objects, which can be particularly effective for medical diagnostics or surgery. Examples include a virtual X-ray view based on prior tomography or on real time images from ultrasound or open NMR devices. A doctor could observe the fetus inside the mother’s womb. See also Mixed reality.
Navigation devices: AR can augment the effectiveness of navigation devices for a variety of applications. For example, building navigation can be enhanced for the purpose of maintaining industrial plants. Outdoor navigation can be augmented for military operations or disaster management. Head-up displays or personal display glasses in automobiles can be used to provide navigation hints and traffic information. These types of displays can be useful for airplane pilots, too. Head-up displays are currently used in fighter jets as one of the first AR applications. These include full interactivity, including eye pointing.
Military and emergency services: AR can be applied to military and emergency services as wearable systems to provide information such as instructions, maps, enemy locations, and fire cells.
Prospecting: In the fields of hydrology, ecology, and geology, AR can be used to display an interactive analysis of terrain characteristics. Users could use, and collaboratively modify and analyze, interactive three-dimensional maps.
Architecture: AR can be employed to virtually resurrect destroyed historic buildings as well as simulate planned construction projects.
Sightseeing: Models may be created to include labels or text related to the objects/places visited. With AR, users can rebuild ruins, buildings, or even landscapes as they previously existed. Combined with a wireless network, the amount of data displayed is limitless.
Simulation: Perhaps one of the most well-known applications for AR is for the creation of flight and driving simulators.
Collaboration: AR can help facilitate collaboration among distributed team members via conferences with real and virtual participants. Also see Mixed reality.
Entertainment and education: AR can be used in the fields of entertainment and education to create virtual objects in museums and exhibitions, theme park attractions (such as Cadbury World), and games (such as ARQuake or The Eye of Judgment)). Also see Mixed reality.
Future applications
Expanding a PC screen into the real environment: program windows and icons appear as virtual devices in real space and are eye or gesture operated, by gazing or pointing. A single personal display (glasses) could concurrently simulate a hundred conventional PC screens or application windows all around a user
Virtual devices of all kinds, e.g. replacement of traditional screens, control panels, and entirely new applications impossible in “real” hardware, like 3D objects interactively changing their shape and appearance based on the current task or need.
Enhanced media applications, like pseudo holographic virtual screens, virtual surround cinema, virtual ‘holodecks’ (allowing computer-generated imagery to interact with live entertainers and audience)
Virtual conferences in “holodeck” style
Replacement of cellphone and car navigator screens: eye-dialing, insertion of information directly into the environment, e.g. guiding lines directly on the road, as well as enhancements like “X-ray”-views
Virtual plants, wallpapers, panoramic views, artwork, decorations, illumination etc., enhancing everyday life. For example, a virtual window could be displayed on a regular wall showing a live feed of a camera placed on the exterior of the building, thus allowing the user to effectually toggle a wall’s transparency
With AR systems getting into mass market, we may see virtual window dressings, posters, traffic signs, Christmas decorations, advertisement towers and more. These may be fully interactive even at a distance, by eye pointing for example.
Virtual gadgetry becomes possible. Any physical device currently produced to assist in data-oriented tasks (such as the clock, radio, PC, arrival/departure board at an airport, stock ticker, PDA, PMP, informational posters/fliers/billboards, in-car navigation systems, etc. could be replaced by virtual devices that cost nothing to produce aside from the cost of writing the software. Examples might be a virtual wall clock, a to-do list for the day docked by your bed for you to look at first thing in the morning, etc.
Subscribable group-specific AR…

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History
On April 7, 1818, at the age of 45, Henry Sands Brooks opened H. & D.H. Brooks & Co. on the Northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the South Street Seaport now stands. He proclaimed that his guiding principle was, “To make and deal only in merchandise of the finest body, to sell it at a fair profit and to deal with people who seek and appreciate such merchandise.” In 1850, Brooks’ sons, Elisha, Daniel, and John, inherited the family business, and renamed the company “Brooks Brothers”. In its early history, Brooks Brothers was most widely known for introducing America to the ready-to-wear suit. In the late 19th century, Brooks Brothers tailored many distinctive uniforms for elite regiments of the New York National Guard. The Golden Fleece symbol was adopted as the company’s trademark in 1850. A sheep suspended in a ribbon had long been a symbol of British woolen merchants. Dating from the 15th century, it had been the emblem of the Knights of the Golden Fleece, founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. In ancient Greek mythology, a magical flying ram, or Golden Fleece, was sought by Jason and the Argonauts.
The first Brooks store, in New York City, 1845
The last member of the Brooks family to head the company was Winthrop Holly Brooks, who ran the company from 1935 until its sale in 1946, when the company was acquired by Julius Garfinckel & Co. After the acquisition, Brooks Brothers’ director was John C. Wood, who made Brooks Brothers even more traditional. By 1969, as an integral part of the retail conglomerate Garfinckel, Brooks Brothers, Miller & Rhoads, Inc., the ten Brooks Brothers stores in operation were located in New York, Chicago, Boston, San Francisco, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Washington, D.C.
Though today many people consider Brooks Brothers a very traditional clothier, it is also known for having introduced many clothing novelties to the market. In 1896, John E. Brooks, Henry Sands Brooks’ grandson, invented the button-down dress shirt collar after seeing the non-flapping collars on English polo players. Between 1875 and 1998[citation needed], Brooks Brothers did not make an off-the-rack black suit, because of the myth that Abraham Lincoln wore a bespoke black Brooks frock coat when he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. As a result, the traditional American rule is that black suits only are proper for servants and the dead. President Theodore Roosevelt was fond of Brooks Brothers clothes: he even ordered his dress uniform for the Spanish-American War at Brooks , plastic hanger .
Through the middle of the 20th century, when men generally wore suits much more than nowadays, “a Brooks Brothers suit” might even be mentioned to suggest the wearer’s ordinariness. A popular book on evolution suggested that a Neanderthal man might pass unnoticed if he went out wearing the suit , cd dvd racks .
Ralph Lauren started out as a salesman at Brooks’s Madison Avenue store. He was granted the right to use the Polo trademark from Brooks Brothers, which retained its rights to the iconic “original polo button-down collar” shirt still produced today.
Brooks Brothers was acquired by the British firm Marks and Spencer plc in 1988. In 2001, Marks & Spencer sold Brooks Brothers to Retail Brand Alliance (“RBA”), a company privately owned by Italian billionaire Claudio del Vecchio (son of Luxottica founder Leonardo del Vecchio). Besides Brooks Brothers, RBA consists of Carolee a designer of jewelry for department stores and speciality stores. In 2007 RBA sold its high end women’s brand Adrienne Vittadini.
Notable customers
A display in a Brooks Brothers store.
Brooks Brothers has dressed generations of families, prominent and less famous, as well as political leaders, Hollywood legends, sports greats and military heroes.
Andy Warhol was known to buy and wear clothes from Brooks Brothers. According to Carlton Walters: “I got to [know] Andy quite well, and he always looked bedraggled: always had his tie lopsided, as he didn’t have time to tie it, and he never tied his shoe laces, and he even wore different colored socks, but he bought all of his clothes at Brooks Brothers…”
Brooks Brothers is the official clothier of the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra
Brooks Brothers supplies clothes for the TV show Mad Men.
Chuck Bass and Nate Archibald on the Gossip Girl TV series frequently wear clothes from Brooks Brothers.
The young stars of Slumdog Millionaire were all dressed by Brooks Brothers for the 81st Academy Awards.
Brooks Brothers is frequently sought out by costume designers in Hollywood, dressing stars in such films as Ben Affleck in Pearl Harbor, Gene Hackman in The Royal Tenenbaums, and Will Smith in Ali. The company produced made to measure period costumes for Denzel Washington’s The Great Debaters.
At his second inauguration, United States President Abraham Lincoln wore a coat specially crafted for him by Brooks Brothers. Hand stitched into the coat’s lining was a design featuring an eagle and the inscription, “One Country, One Destiny.” It is common mythology that Lincoln was wearing a black suit by Brooks Brothers when he was assassinated. This story, although widely touted, is not true. Lincoln was, however, wearing a Brooks Brothers overcoat when he was killed. Brooks Brothers’ choice to exclude black suits in its made to measure lineup was entirely sartorial in nature.
United States President Ulysses S. Grant began his association with Brooks Brothers during the Civil War, when he ordered tailored uniforms for the Union officers in the American Civil War.
Many more presidents, including Herbert Hoover, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush (who, however, when accused of being a Brooks Brothers Republican, revealed that he was wearing a J. Press suit), and Bill Clinton were known to wear Brooks Brothers clothing lines.[citation needed]
At his inauguration ceremony, President Barack Obama wore a black cashmere coat and burgundy scarf from Brooks Brothers.
Stephen Colbert, of the Colbert Report and formerly of the Daily Show and Strangers with Candy, has all of his suits for the Colbert Report supplied by Brooks Brothers.
James Thurber refers to Brooks Brothers shirts in some of his short stories. Kurt Vonnegut also refers to a Brooks Brothers suit worn by the main character in his book Jailbird.
In the novel Junkie, by William S. Burroughs, an addict trades what he claims is a Brooks Brothers jacket for two caps of heroin.
Richard Yates not only wore Brooks Brothers clothing throughout his life, but he often referred to the brand in his writing, notably in A Good School, in which one of the characters tries to hang himself with a Brooks Brothers belt.
Bret Easton Ellis refers to clothing from Brooks Brothers worn by Patrick Bateman and his colleagues in his controversial novel American Psycho.
The lead character Lestat de Lioncourt in Anne Rice’ s Vampire Chronicles often describes himself to be wearing suits by Brooks Brothers.
Novelist W.E.B. Griffin has often included mention of Brooks Brothers military uniforms, Dress uniform and Dress Mess uniform in particular, in his best-selling Brotherhood Of War and The Corps book series.
Today
Brooks Brothers store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California
Currently, there are 210 Brooks Brothers stores (15 stores are unionized) in the United States and 70 scattered, among other countries, throughout Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Dubai, France, England, Chile, Canada, and Italy. In 1998, Brooks Brothers launched its official website. The symbol of the Golden Fleece is Brooks Brothers’s trademark. It consists of a sheep suspended in a ribbon, which was the symbol of Flemish wool merchants in the 15th century and later traditionally had been a symbol of British wool merchants. In ancient Greek mythology, a magical ram’s skin, or Golden Fleece, was sought by Jason and the Argonauts. United States flagships are in New York, Chicago, Boston, and Beverly Hills.
Most of Brooks Brothers’ clothing is imported, with sportscoats, shirts, and some accessories manufactured in the United States. All Brooks Brothers necktie silk is woven in England and the ties are still “cut and piled” in the United States. Brooks also has a series of books on etiquette and manners for ladies and gentlemen. Its higher end label is the Golden Fleece line.
In September 2007, Brooks Brothers CEO, Claudio Del Vecchio, announced the unveiling of a new high end collection of men’s and women’s wear named Black Fleece. Del Vecchio announced that the star guest designer for the new collection would be New York menswear designer Thom Browne. Black Fleece received so much critical and commercial success that Brooks Brothers opened a standalone Black Fleece boutique on NYC’s Bleecker Street in the Winter of 2008.
In 2008, the company began an extensive renovation of its flagship store at 346 Madison Ave. and in January 2009 closed a smaller location at 5th Avenue and 53rd street in New York City.
See also
J. Press
Paul Stuart
Brooks Brothers riot
Ralph Lauren
Thom Browne
References
^ Connie Glaser: Tradition, flexibility key to retailer’s longevity: bizwomen.com, 2007
^ Vanderbilt, Complete Guide to Etiquette (1956)
^ Ruth Moore. Evolution. Time Life Nature Library. ca 1964.
^ Patrick S. Smith, Warhol: Conversations about the Artist Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1988 p. 340.
^ www.jazzatlincolncenter.org/about/news/060615-news.html
^ Edinburgh Evening News
^ Brooks Brothers…

, is biography of a living person does not cite any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2008) Find sources: (Don Hale news, books, scholar)
Don Hale OBE (born July 1952) is a United Kingdom journalist. He was the editor of the Matlock Mercury who became involved in the campaign to overturn the murder conviction of Stephen Downing.
In 1973, Downing, at the time a 17-year-old with the reading age of an 11-year-old, was imprisoned for the murder of Wendy Sewell and served 27 years in jail. The conviction was declared unsafe by the Court of Appeal in 2001 and Downing was released.
Hale was voted 2001 Man of the Year by the The Observer newspaper, Journalist of the Year by What the Papers Say and was made an OBE for his efforts and campaigning journalism, though he was also criticised for referring to Sewell as the Bakewell Tart.
After a short spell working for the North Wales Pioneer newspaper, Hale later became editor of the newly-formed North Wales Living magazine in 2005. Despite a period of outstanding success for this magazine, in which it collected seven national and regional awards, Don Hale was later made redundant in December 2007 following a re-organisation of the company, including the closure of the magazine. and started his own publishing business launching a new lifestyle magazine for North Wales, Chester and the Cheshire borders called Coast & Country magazine (www.coastandcountrymagazine.co.uk). In the autumn of 2008, he also launched a unique digital advertising company called Ads2Life (www.ads2life.co.uk) with in-store displays at several Debenhams stores, in top hotels, and at Venue Cymru. They offer large 72 inch TV screens with moving adverts coupled with large acrylic magazine display stands. further expansion is planned for 2009/10. He continues to write best-selling biographies and during the autumn of 2007, his book about the famous frogman spy mystery ‘Buster’ Crabb was published by Suttons/The History Press to great acclaim[citation needed] , lipstick display .
Hale has also published a new book, Secrets of the Royal Detective, about his great grandfather, James Wood, who was a notable Manchester detective from 1890-1914, and was indeed the very first Royal Protection Officer acting as a personal bodyguard to the Prince of Wales, following the loss of Queen Victoria, and continued threats against the monarchy. Don Hale’s latest book, Mallard – How the Blue Streak broke the World Speed Record, was released in paperback by Aurum Press in May 2008 to coincide with the 70th anniversary of this historic achievement , floating wall shelves .
In August 2008, Don, who was heavily involved in the appeal process for Barry George – the man convicted of the killing of TV presenter Jill Dando – celebrated the release of George following a retrial after an earlier successful appeal against his conviction. Don Hale had spent several years working on the case with members of MOJO (the miscarriages of Justice Organisation) after being invited by Barry George’s family and legal team to help investigate the case.
External links
BBC News Article about Don Hale
Categories: Living people | British journalists | 1952 birthsHidden categories: Unreferenced BLPs from May 2008 | All unreferenced BLPs | All pages needing to be wikified | Wikify from May 2008 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009